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The Unit I is comprised of three chapters, including Impact of infectious diseases on human health, MBT infection and epidemiology and risk factors; mycobacterium and tuberculosis. The rationale behind Unit I provide a comprehensive overview of infection and its impact on human health. There is much emphasis given to educate about MTB, its morphology, cell wall structure, staining pattern, and associated disease. Aim of the second chapter in Unit I is to summarize all the aspect of disease, i.e., tuberculosis, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and symptoms. The chapter also emphasizes types of tuberculosis and its epidemiology on the world map and Indian context. MTB infection and associated disease are complex and involve several factors, including host-related risk factors and risk factors associated with the pathogen. Additionally, there are several non-genetic factors play an important role in the onset and progression of the disease. The aim of chapter 3 in Unit I is to provide a complete overview of risk factors associated with MTB infection and disease caused, i.e., tuberculosis.